Dynamics of Cotton Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure in Cotton Continuous Cropping Field Soil

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community structure in cotton continuous cropping field soil. [Method] 16S rDNA genes were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the community structure of cotton rhizosphere bacteria in different developmental stages using an upland cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. TM-1). [Result] Four dominant phyla were found in the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. The four dominant phyla and Firmicutes were largely influenced by cotton root. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes were promoted, and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were inhibited, by cotton root. There were significant differences in community structure, but not species richness or α-diversity among different developmental stages of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community; the differences between the flowering stage and the budding stage were greater than the differences between the budding stage and the seedling stage. The diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was significantly higher than that of the bulk soil; the β-diversity values of both the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were highest in the flowering stage. [Conclusion] The structure and dynamics of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was defined by high-throughput sequencing. The effect of cotton on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure was most significant in the flowering stage.     

鼓浪屿重点历史风貌建筑植物资源及外来入侵植物的调查分析

福建省鼓浪屿于2017年获准列入世界文化遗产名录。为保护鼓浪屿岛上117栋重点历史建筑及其植物资源,本文通过实地走访、标本收集与鉴定,针对建筑周边（围墙、墙体和院子）的植物资源及岛上的外来入侵植物进行了调查分析。结果表明：建筑周边植物有97科292种,资源总数比较丰富,但以常见的绿化苗木居多。其中,出现频次高的科依次是桑科、凤尾蕨科、菊科、酢浆草科、大戟科、紫葳科、荨麻科、茄科、禾本科、无患子科。出现频次最高的种是小叶榕（Ficus microcarpa L.f.）,分布在90栋建筑,占建筑总数的76.92%。出现在50%以上建筑内的植物还有蜈蚣凤尾蕨（Pteris vittata L.）、酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata L.）、猫爪藤[Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry]、冷水花（Pilea notata C. H. Wright）等。周边植物最丰富的是黄荣远堂（39科59种）,其次为褚家园（35科48种）。岛上主要入侵植物有25科42种,其中,菊科种类最多,占16.67%,原产美洲的种数量达29种,属于有意引入的外来入侵植物31种,占73.81%。外来入侵植物优势种有猫爪藤[Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry]、红瓜[Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt]、鸡矢藤（Paederia foetida L.）、爬山虎[Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch]、五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica Hand.-Mazz.）等5种。小叶榕及几种外来入侵植物优势种对建筑的墙体、围墙甚至全岛具有入侵蔓延趋势。     

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.     

Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

Substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch improves the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon in a double-rice cropping system

The double-rice cropping system is a very important intensive cropping system for food security in China. There have been few studies of the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon(SOC) in the double-rice cropping system following a partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch(Mv). We conducted a 10-year(2008–2017) field experiment in Nan County, South-Central China, to examine the double-rice productivity and SOC accumulation in a paddy soil in response to different fertilization levels and Mv application(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)). Fertilizer and Mv were applied both individually and in combination(sole chemical fertilizers, Mv plus 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, labeled as F100, MF100, MF80, MF60, MF40, and MF0, respectively). It was found that the grain yields of double-rice crop in treatments receiving Mv were reduced when the dose of chemical fertilizer was reduced, while the change in SOC stock displayed a double peak curve. The MF100 produced the highest double-rice yield and SOC stock, with the value higher by 13.5 and 26.8% than that in the F100. However, the grain yields increased in the MF80(by 8.4% compared to the F100), while the SOC stock only increased by 8.4%. Analogous to the change of grain yield, the sustainable yield index(SYI) of double rice were improved significantly in the MF100 and MF80 compared to the F100, while there was a slight increase in the MF60 and MF40. After a certain amount of Mv input(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)), the carbon sequestration rate was affected by the nutrient input due to the stimulation of microbial biomass. Compared with the MF0, the MF100 and MF40 resulted in a dramatically higher carbon sequestration rate(with the value higher by 71.6 and 70.1%),whereas the MF80 induced a lower carbon sequestration rate with the value lower by 70.1% compared to the MF0. Based on the above results we suggested that Mv could partially replace chemical fertilizers(e.g., 40–60%) to improve or maintain the productivity and sustainability of the double-rice cropping system in South-Central China.     

施用锌肥和遮阴互作对花生生长发育、抗病性及产量的影响

采用大田裂区试验，研究了施用锌肥和不同遮阴程度互作对花生生长发育、抗病性及产量的影响。结果表明，与不施锌肥相比，施用锌肥能提高花生不同部位锌含量、增加叶片SPAD值，提高花生叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和生长素含量，减少花生病害的发生，平均降低7.1个百分点，花生产量平均增加19.4%。相同施锌水平下，随着遮阴程度的增加，花生不同部位锌的含量和不同生育期叶片SPAD值以及花生叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和生长素含量呈增加趋势，花生的发病率比不遮阴对照增加4.8、10.2个百分点，花生产量平均降低16.5%、10.0%。在30%、70%的遮阴条件下，施用锌肥的花生产量比不施锌的分别提高21.1%、25.0%。本试验条件下，施用七水硫酸锌30 kg/hm2，使花生具有较强的抗低温寡照能力及抗病性能，增产显著，可在花生产区推广应用。     

案例教学法在高校园林植物应用课程的教学探索与实践

华南农业大学园林与风景园林专业为传统优势学科，扎实基础的园林植物应用课程已成为专业的特色课程。以华南农业大学的园林植物应用课程的教学实践为例，从课程案例库建立、课程组织与教学、课程考核与成绩评定3方面介绍了案例教学法在课程中的应用，并结合问卷调查和学生作业了解实施效果。结果显示，案例教学法有助于激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性，加深学生对园林植物在园林景观中的价值和作用的理解，增强其对园林植物的认知能力，以及根据场地特点和节庆应用目的等，从生态学、美学和植物文化角度选择和配置应用植物的能力。     

鹰嘴豆短肽的分步酶解法制备及其营养价值评价

以鹰嘴豆蛋白为原料,建立复合酶分步酶解法制备鹰嘴豆短肽的工艺。在鹰嘴豆蛋白碱性蛋白酶Alcalase水解的基础上,进一步采用中性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶Flavourzyme继续水解鹰嘴豆蛋白碱性蛋白酶Alcalase酶解物,并对各影响因素进行研究,建立短肽得率与各影响因素的回归模型,利用高效液相色谱法和氨基酸自动分析仪等测定鹰嘴豆短肽的相对分子质量、氨基酸组成、一般营养成分,评价鹰嘴豆短肽的营养价值。结果表明,中性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶Flavourzyme制备鹰嘴豆短肽的最佳工艺参数为:复合酶添加量5 678 U/g,pH 7.0,水解时间216 min,水解温度55℃,在此条件下,短肽得率为63.79%,与碱性蛋白酶Alcalase单独酶解相比明显提高,水解度为26.74%;大部分水解产物的相对分子质量低于1 000、脂肪含量低,蛋白质、必需氨基酸等含量丰富,与FAO/WHO推荐的成人需求量模式相比,其第一限制氨基酸是蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸,与学龄儿童需求量模式相比,其第一限制氨基酸是苏氨酸,氨基酸分分别高达138.18和103.25;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.73,接近FAO/WHO参考标准值0.6。该研究为进一步开发利用和工业化生产鹰嘴豆短肽奠定了基础。     

1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂对温室黄瓜蚜虫防治效果试验

[目的]比较3种1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂对温室黄瓜蚜虫防治效果。[方法]施用3种试剂,并在处理前及处理后1、3、7 d分别调查蚜虫数量。[结果]三保奇花-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂、清源保-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂和碧琪-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂,药后7d对黄瓜蚜虫的防效分别为90.26%、81.82%和70.42%。[结论]三保奇花-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂作为生物农药表现出优异的防效。     

糜子愈伤诱导及再分化最适条件研究

研究旨在应用组织培养技术探究愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件,以期为糜子建立遗传转化体系奠定基础。采用5个糜子品种研究愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件。利用植物激素2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)诱导茎尖愈伤组织,筛选出发芽率高、愈伤组织诱导率高、染菌率低的品种,并对诱导愈伤最适激素浓度及配比进行了鉴定。结果显示,‘冀黍2号’出芽率高、愈伤组织诱导率高、染菌率低,适宜进行组织培养;2,4-D对‘冀黍2号’愈伤诱导效果最好,最适浓度为2.5 mg/L,诱导率达86.67%,淡黄色块状,结构紧密,质地较硬,继代培养后形成的胚性愈伤组织状态更好。再分化过程中,2.5 mg/L 2,4-D+3.5 mg/L TDZ时,出现明显的嫩芽。该试验获得‘冀黍2号’愈伤诱导及再分化的最适条件,可为糜子再生体系的构建提供参考。